{"id":2353,"date":"2020-01-14T15:21:35","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T15:21:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/schizofrenia.com\/verejnost\/?page_id=2353"},"modified":"2025-04-03T12:49:08","modified_gmt":"2025-04-03T11:49:08","slug":"zavislosti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/schizofrenia.com\/verejnost\/schizofrenia-a-zavislosti\/","title":{"rendered":"Schizofr\u00e9nia a z\u00e1vislosti: Ako spolu s\u00favisia?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Schizofr\u00e9nia a z\u00e1vislosti<\/h1>

U \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa drogy, sa niekedy rozvin\u00fa pr\u00edznaky, ktor\u00e9 ve\u013emi pripom\u00ednaj\u00fa pr\u00edznaky schizofr\u00e9nie, a v niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch m\u00f4\u017ee u\u017e\u00edvanie drog skuto\u010dne navodi\u0165 stav, z ktor\u00e9ho sa rozvinie ochorenie. Okrem toho sa u ve\u013ekej \u010dasti psychiatrick\u00fdch pacientov objavuje patologick\u00e9 hr\u00e1\u010dstvo, a to vr\u00e1tane os\u00f4b s poruchami n\u00e1lady a os\u00f4b zneu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facich n\u00e1vykov\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. Tento text sa zaober\u00e1 vz\u0165ahom medzi schizofr\u00e9niou a n\u00e1vykov\u00fdm spr\u00e1van\u00edm v s\u00favislosti s alkoholom, drogami a patologick\u00fdm hr\u00e1\u010dstvom.<\/p><\/a>

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Schizofr\u00e9nia a poruchy osobnosti sa \u010dasto prekr\u00fdvaj\u00fa so z\u00e1vislos\u0165ou od drog alebo alkoholu.1<\/sup>
Drogy, alkohol a n\u00e1vykov\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie, ako je patologick\u00e9 hr\u00e1\u010dstvo, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa jedinci \u010dasto ako dysfunk\u010dn\u00e9 postupy, pomocou ktor\u00fdch sa pok\u00fa\u0161aj\u00fa lep\u0161ie zvl\u00e1dnu\u0165 pr\u00edznaky ochorenia.2<\/sup>

\u010c\u00edm viac jedinec u\u017e\u00edva n\u00e1vykov\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, aby zvl\u00e1dol svoje pr\u00edznaky, t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie je riziko rozvoja z\u00e1vislosti.2<\/sup> \u0160t\u00fadie poukazuj\u00fa na to, \u017ee pribli\u017ene polovica t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed trpia du\u0161evnou chorobou, takisto zneu\u017e\u00edva n\u00e1vykov\u00e9 l\u00e1tky alebo sa u nich m\u00f4\u017ee rozvin\u00fa\u0165 z\u00e1vislos\u0165 od drog \u010di alkoholu nesk\u00f4r v \u017eivote.3<\/sup> Pod\u013ea publikovan\u00fdch \u00fadajov u\u017e\u00edvalo v minulom roku drogy alebo zneu\u017e\u00edvalo alkohol viac ako 8 mili\u00f3nov dospel\u00fdch (3,4 % v\u0161etk\u00fdch dospel\u00fdch) s du\u0161evnou chorobou, pri\u010dom s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdskyt du\u0161evnej choroby a poruchy spojenej s u\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm n\u00e1vykov\u00fdch l\u00e1tok malo 2,6 mili\u00f3na dospel\u00fdch.3<\/sup>

Niektor\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy v\u0161ak nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee medzi u\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm ur\u010dit\u00fdch drog a pr\u00edznakmi schizofr\u00e9nie existuje kauz\u00e1lna s\u00favislos\u0165.4<\/sup> Napr\u00edklad dietylamid kyseliny lysergovej (LSD) a \u010fal\u0161ie halucinog\u00e9ny m\u00f4\u017eu vies\u0165 k rozvoju akt\u00edvnych pr\u00edpadov ochorenia, 5<\/sup> zatia\u013e \u010do marihuana m\u00f4\u017ee v\u010faka svojej \u00fa\u010dinnej l\u00e1tke tetrahydrokanabinolu (THC) u niektor\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed vyprovokova\u0165 za\u010diatok ochorenia.6<\/sup> THC m\u00e1 siln\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinok na mozog, ktor\u00fd u \u013eud\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom ovplyv\u0148uje schopnos\u0165 \u00fasudku a vytv\u00e1ranie alebo pou\u017e\u00edvanie pam\u00e4ti. Ke\u010f \u010dlovek bez oh\u013eadu na svoje du\u0161evn\u00e9 zdravie faj\u010d\u00ed alebo konzumuje marihuanu, prejav\u00ed sa u neho dezorganiz\u00e1cia a naru\u0161enie funkcie mozgu a n\u00e1sledne sa do\u010dasne rozvin\u00fa niektor\u00e9 sympt\u00f3my, ktor\u00e9 sa be\u017ene vyskytuj\u00fa pri schizofr\u00e9nii.6<\/sup> Postupom \u010dasu m\u00f4\u017eu neurologick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky drogy zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee sa rozvinie ochorenie samo, a to predov\u0161etk\u00fdm u \u013eud\u00ed s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi rizikami vzniku schizofr\u00e9nie.7<\/sup>

Konzum\u00e1cia alkoholu vedie k zv\u00fd\u0161eniu rizika ak\u00fatneho alebo chronick\u00e9ho po\u0161kodenia a m\u00f4\u017ee navodi\u0165 psychotick\u00fa epiz\u00f3du alebo zhor\u0161i\u0165 psychiatrick\u00e9 ochorenie.8<\/sup> Z\u00e1vislos\u0165 od alkoholu zvy\u0161uje pravdepodobnos\u0165 rozvoja schizofr\u00e9nie viac ako u\u017e\u00edvanie halucinog\u00e9nov.9<\/sup>
Okrem toho maj\u00fa \u013eudia so schizofr\u00e9niou, ktor\u00ed konzumuj\u00fa alkohol alebo u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa neleg\u00e1lne drogy, men\u0161iu motiv\u00e1ciu zmeni\u0165 svoje n\u00e1vykov\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskyt relapsov zneu\u017e\u00edvania n\u00e1vykov\u00fdch l\u00e1tok a neu\u017e\u00edvania lie\u010dby.10<\/sup> Vzh\u013eadom na preva\u017euj\u00faci nedostatok motiv\u00e1cie, jeho s\u00favislos\u0165 so schizofr\u00e9niou11<\/sup> a potenci\u00e1lnu spojitos\u0165 medzi n\u00edzkou motiv\u00e1ciou a pokra\u010duj\u00facim u\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm n\u00e1vykov\u00fdch l\u00e1tok10<\/sup> m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 strata motiv\u00e1cie jedn\u00fdm z najkritickej\u0161\u00edch faktorov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa vplyv na hor\u0161ie zotavenie u os\u00f4b s touto poruchou, ktor\u00e9 po\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa alkohol a u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa neleg\u00e1lne drogy.

Nieko\u013eko \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed navy\u0161e nazna\u010dilo \u010dast\u00fd s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdskyt psychiatrick\u00fdch por\u00fach a por\u00fach kontroly impulzov vr\u00e1tane patologick\u00e9ho hr\u00e1\u010dstva.12 \u2013 14<\/sup> Patologick\u00e9 hr\u00e1\u010dstvo je \u010dasto spojen\u00e9 so zatknut\u00edm, uv\u00e4znen\u00edm a \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi ne\u017eiaducimi opatreniami.14<\/sup> Vzh\u013eadom na r\u00f4zne nepriazniv\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00e9 udalosti, ako s\u00fa finan\u010dn\u00e9 a rodinn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 hr\u00e1\u010dstvom, mo\u017eno o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165, \u017ee jedinci so schizofr\u00e9niou bud\u00fa ma\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161ie riziko relapsov a pobytu v nemocnici z d\u00f4vodu svojej vy\u0161\u0161ej citlivosti k stresu.14<\/sup>

Je potrebn\u00e9 uvies\u0165, \u017ee niektor\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce potvrdili v\u00fdskyt patologick\u00e9ho hr\u00e1\u010dstva v rodinn\u00fdch l\u00edni\u00e1ch psychiatrick\u00fdch pacientov.15<\/sup> Zatia\u013e v\u0161ak nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165, \u010di je ich s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdskyt dan\u00fd sk\u00f4r genetick\u00fdmi faktormi, vplyvmi vonkaj\u0161ieho prostredia alebo obomi.16<\/sup> Epidemiologick\u00e9 \u00fadaje tie\u017e nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee patologick\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010di, u ktor\u00fdch je vy\u0161\u0161ia pravdepodobnos\u0165 rozvoja schizofr\u00e9nie v neskor\u0161om \u017eivote, s\u00fa \u010dastej\u0161ie mu\u017ei v mlad\u0161om veku a sk\u00f4r z ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch socioekonomick\u00fdch vrstiev.

Aj ke\u010f boli pri lie\u010dbe patologick\u00e9ho hr\u00e1\u010dstva sk\u00faman\u00e9 viacer\u00e9 lieky a behavior\u00e1lne re\u017eimy, \u0161t\u00fadie v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou vyra\u010fovali pacientov s psych\u00f3zami.19<\/sup> Lek\u00e1ri by u pacientov so schizofr\u00e9niou mali p\u00e1tra\u0165 po potenci\u00e1lnych probl\u00e9moch s patologick\u00fdm hr\u00e1\u010dstvom, a to predov\u0161etk\u00fdm u t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed predt\u00fdm alebo aktu\u00e1lne u\u017e\u00edvali drogy alebo zneu\u017e\u00edvali alkohol. Ve\u013emi potrebujeme \u010fal\u0161iu \u0161t\u00fadiu, ktor\u00e1 by sa zaoberala mo\u017en\u00fdm rizikom a protekt\u00edvnymi korel\u00e1tmi probl\u00e9mu a patologick\u00e9ho hr\u00e1\u010dstva u pacientov s psych\u00f3zami, a tie\u017e je nutn\u00e9 sk\u00fama\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fa lie\u010dbu pre t\u00fdchto pacientov.

Nakoniec bola op\u00edsan\u00e1 siln\u00e1 s\u00favislos\u0165 medzi zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm celej \u0161k\u00e1ly n\u00e1vykov\u00fdch l\u00e1tok alebo alkoholu a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm rizikom rozvoja schizofr\u00e9nie nesk\u00f4r v \u017eivote, aj ke\u010f pr\u00ed\u010dinn\u00fd vz\u0165ah st\u00e1le nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 jednozna\u010dne dolo\u017ei\u0165. V r\u00e1mci prebiehaj\u00faceho h\u013eadania postupov, ktor\u00e9 by pomohli zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 u\u017e\u00edvanie n\u00e1vykov\u00fdch l\u00e1tok pri schizofr\u00e9nii, by mohlo pom\u00f4c\u0165 viac sa zamera\u0165 na nedostatok motiv\u00e1cie alebo na s\u00favislos\u0165 medzi motiv\u00e1ciou a u\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm n\u00e1vykov\u00fdch l\u00e1tok pri snahe o \u00fapln\u00e9 pochopenie ich vz\u0165ahu a zlep\u0161enie v\u00fdsledkov lie\u010dby.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Literat\u00fara<\/p>

  1. https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/conditions\/co-occurring-disorders<\/a><\/li>
  2. Batel. Eur Psychiatr. 2000; 15(2):115-122.<\/li>
  3. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/NSDUH-FFR1-2016\/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.htm#summary<\/a> <\/li>
  4. Shah and Gonzalez-Maeso. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2019; 10(7):3068-3077.<\/li>
  5. Muller and Borgwardt. Swiss Med Wkly. 2019; 149:w20124.<\/li>
  6. Arendt et al. BJP 2005, 187:510-515.<\/li>
  7. Mauri. Dual Diagn Open Acc 2016; 1:11.<\/li>
  8. Vuorilehto et al. Psychol Med. 2009; 39:1697-1707.<\/li>
  9. Nielsen et al. 2017; 47 (9):1668-1677<\/li>
  10. Horsfall et al. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2009; 17(1):24-34.<\/li>
  11. Fervaha et al. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 Sep; 71(9):1058-65<\/li>
  12. Templer et al. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1993;34(5):347\u2013351.<\/li>
  13. Grant et al. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;162(11):2184\u20132188. <\/li>
  14. Schrerer et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:677\u2013683.<\/li>
  15. Raylu et al. Clin Psychol Rev. 2002;22:1009\u20131061.<\/li>
  16. Borras and Huguelet. The American Journal on Addictions. 2007; 16:269-271.<\/li>
  17. Shaffer et al. Can J Public Health. 2001; 92(3):168-72.<\/li>
  18. National Research Council. Pathological Gambling: A Critical Review. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1999.<\/li>
  19. Grant et al. Oxford University Press; 2007. pp. 561\u2013578.<\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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    <\/span>\u010do je to schizofr\u00e9nia?<\/span><\/h4>

    <\/span>Schizofr\u00e9niu m\u00f4\u017eeme definova\u0165 ako z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fa du\u0161evn\u00fa poruchu, ktor\u00e1 postihuje chovanie, myslenie a em\u00f3cie. Prv\u00e9 pr\u00edznaky si m\u00f4\u017eete v\u0161imn\u00fa\u0165 v dobe dospievania alebo<\/span><\/p> viac…<\/div><\/div>

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    <\/span>stanovenie diagn\u00f3zy schizofr\u00e9nie<\/span><\/h4>

    <\/span>Pod\u013ea aktu\u00e1lnych odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00ed nemo\u017eno diagn\u00f3zu stanovi\u0165 pred rozvojom prv\u00fdch psychotick\u00fdch pr\u00edznakov. Zachytenie prodrom\u00e1lnych zn\u00e1mok ale m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u00faplne z\u00e1sadn\u00e9 z<\/span><\/p> viac…<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7960,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"new-text-page-design.php","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"rea_page_title_signed_in_meta_block_field":"Schizofr\u00e9nia a z\u00e1vislosti: Ako spolu s\u00favisia?","rea_page_title_signed_out_meta_block_field":"Schizofr\u00e9nia a z\u00e1vislosti: Ako spolu s\u00favisia?","rea_page_description_signed_in_meta_block_field":"","rea_page_description_signed_out_meta_block_field":"","rea_page_footer_id_meta_block_field":"","rea_page_footer_date_meta_block_field":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-2353","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSchizofr\u00e9nia a z\u00e1vislosti: Ako spolu s\u00favisia?- Schizofrenia.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Schizofr\u00e9nia a z\u00e1vislosti spolu \u00fazko s\u00favisia. 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