{"id":2336,"date":"2020-01-14T14:58:53","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T14:58:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/schizofrenia.com\/verejnost\/?page_id=2336"},"modified":"2022-11-30T17:13:10","modified_gmt":"2022-11-30T16:13:10","slug":"praca-a-schizofrenia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/schizofrenia.com\/verejnost\/praca-a-schizofrenia\/","title":{"rendered":"Je mo\u017en\u00e9 so schizofr\u00e9niou pracova\u0165 a \u0161tudova\u0165?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/div>

Schizofr\u00e9nia v \u0161kole a v pr\u00e1ci<\/h1>

\u013dudia so schizofr\u00e9niou maj\u00fa \u010dasto ve\u013ek\u00e9 probl\u00e9my n\u00e1js\u0165 si zamestnanie. Stigmatiz\u00e1cia spojen\u00e1 s du\u0161evn\u00fdm zdrav\u00edm m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k tomu, \u017ee mnoho zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eov a vl\u00e1dnych org\u00e1nov nespr\u00e1vne ch\u00e1pe ochorenie a mo\u017enos\u0165 tak\u00e9ho \u010dloveka zamestna\u0165. Uv\u00e1dzame nieko\u013eko z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch n\u00e1vrhov pre zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eov, rodiny, zdravotn\u00edkov a in\u0161tit\u00facie, ako zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 nerovnos\u0165 pri zamestn\u00e1van\u00ed \u013eud\u00ed so schizofr\u00e9niou.<\/p><\/a>

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\u013dudia s dlhodob\u00fdmi du\u0161evn\u00fdmi chorobami vr\u00e1tane schizofr\u00e9nie sa stret\u00e1vaj\u00fa s prek\u00e1\u017ekami, ktor\u00e9 im br\u00e1nia pracova\u0165, \u010di u\u017e z d\u00f4vodu stigmatiz\u00e1cie, predsudkov alebo diskrimin\u00e1cie.1<\/sup>
Napriek tomu, \u017ee informovanos\u0165 verejnosti o du\u0161evnom zdrav\u00ed sa vo v\u0161eobecnosti zlep\u0161uje, ke\u010f pr\u00edde na schizofr\u00e9niu, je to st\u00e1le stigmatiz\u00e1cia. Niekto si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee \u013eudia so schizofr\u00e9niou s\u00fa \u010dasto n\u00e1siln\u00edcki, \u017ee si nedok\u00e1\u017eu udr\u017ea\u0165 zamestnanie alebo \u017ee sa ich spr\u00e1vanie m\u00f4\u017ee n\u00e1hle a ne\u010dakane zmeni\u0165.2<\/sup>

Schizofr\u00e9nia sa obvykle objavuje vo veku od 18 do 35 rokov, ke\u010f v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed \u0161tuduje alebo si za\u010d\u00edna budova\u0165 kari\u00e9ru.3<\/sup> Diagn\u00f3za schizofr\u00e9nie je pre nich sk\u013eu\u010duj\u00faca a m\u00f4\u017ee zhati\u0165 ich pl\u00e1ny, preto\u017ee mo\u017eno nikdy nedosiahnu vzdelanie a prax, ktor\u00e9 pre \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fa kari\u00e9ru potrebuj\u00fa.
Schizofr\u00e9nia m\u00e1 preto kritick\u00fd dosah na mo\u017enosti vzdel\u00e1vania a zamestnania. T\u00fdm, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa zamestnan\u00ed, m\u00f4\u017eu pr\u00edznaky ochorenia, ved\u013eaj\u0161ie \u00fa\u010dinky lie\u010dby a opakovan\u00e9 epiz\u00f3dy br\u00e1ni\u0165 v tom, aby si zamestnanie udr\u017eali.4<\/sup>

Nieko\u013eko \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed preuk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee pacienti so schizofr\u00e9niou v platenom zamestnan\u00ed maj\u00fa p\u00e4\u0165kr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161iu pravdepodobnos\u0165 dosiahnu\u0165 funk\u010dn\u00e9 zotavenie ne\u017e nezamestnan\u00ed pacienti alebo pacienti v neplatenom zamestnan\u00ed.5, 6<\/sup> Aj napriek opakovane zd\u00f4raz\u0148ovanej potrebe pracovn\u00e9ho za\u0161kolenia, zaradenia a podporn\u00fdch slu\u017eieb, je v tejto skupine jeden z najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch podielov nezamestnanosti zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch profesne znev\u00fdhodnen\u00fdch skup\u00edn.7<\/sup>
Nezamestnanos\u0165 os\u00f4b so schizofr\u00e9niou sa d\u00e1 len \u0165a\u017eko porovn\u00e1va\u0165 so v\u0161eobecnou popul\u00e1ciou, preto\u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina odhadov v USA a v Eur\u00f3pe nazna\u010duje, \u017ee pracuje menej ako 20 % pacientov so schizofr\u00e9niou.8<\/sup> Prieskumy vykonan\u00e9 u jedincov so schizofr\u00e9niou preukazuj\u00fa nespokojnos\u0165 s n\u00edzkou zamestnanos\u0165ou, pri\u010dom z\u00e1ujem pracova\u0165 vyjadruje 55 \u2013 70 % z nich.9<\/sup>

Cena za nezamestnanos\u0165 je v tejto popul\u00e1cii vysok\u00e1. Nejde len o finan\u010dn\u00e9 h\u013eadisko, ale tie\u017e o nedosiahnutie spolo\u010densky hodnotnej roly a depriv\u00e1ciu z nej vypl\u00fdvaj\u00facich v\u00fdhod, ako je sebad\u00f4vera a sebesta\u010dnos\u0165.10<\/sup> Okrem toho m\u00f4\u017ee pr\u00eds\u013eub pr\u00e1ce aspo\u0148 u niektor\u00fdch jedincov zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 alebo \u00faplne eliminova\u0165 potrebu vypl\u00e1cania podpory pre zdravotne postihnut\u00e9 osoby.11<\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Zamestnanos\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed so schizofr\u00e9niou a odozvu na pracovn\u00fa rehabilit\u00e1ciu m\u00f4\u017ee nepriaznivo ovplyvni\u0165 nieko\u013eko faktorov.12<\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Zhor\u0161enie kognit\u00edvnych funkci\u00ed: pri schizofr\u00e9nii \u010dasto doch\u00e1dza k zhor\u0161eniu kognit\u00edvnych funkci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1 nielen klinick\u00fd, ale aj funk\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdznam, a je cite\u013en\u00e9 vo viacer\u00fdch oblastiach, ako je napr. pozornos\u0165, pam\u00e4\u0165, v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 fungovanie a r\u00fdchlos\u0165 spracovania inform\u00e1ci\u00ed.12<\/sup> Uk\u00e1zalo sa, \u017ee ide o najproblematickej\u0161\u00ed faktor z h\u013eadiska pr\u00e1ce, a to predov\u0161etk\u00fdm z d\u00f4vodu \u0165a\u017ekost\u00ed pri vz\u00e1jomnej komunik\u00e1cii s ostatn\u00fdmi, \u0165a\u017ekost\u00ed s v\u00fdkonn\u00fdm fungovan\u00edm alebo oslaben\u00edm kognit\u00edvnych funkci\u00ed, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm spracovan\u00edm inform\u00e1ci\u00ed a u\u010den\u00edm sa nov\u00fdm schopnostiam.13<\/sup><\/p>

Poruchy sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 n\u00e1vykov\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami: Zneu\u017e\u00edvanie n\u00e1vykov\u00fdch l\u00e1tok a z\u00e1vislosti s\u00fa pri schizofr\u00e9nii ve\u013emi \u010dast\u00e9 a s\u00favisia s hor\u0161\u00edm priebehom tohto z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9ho du\u0161evn\u00e9ho ochorenia vr\u00e1tane vy\u0161\u0161ieho v\u00fdskytu relapsov a pobytov v nemocnici, hor\u0161ieho psychosoci\u00e1lneho fungovania a probl\u00e9mov s\u00favisiacich so z\u00e1konom, zdrav\u00edm a b\u00fdvan\u00edm.14<\/sup><\/p>

Telesn\u00e9 ochorenie: \u013dudia so schizofr\u00e9niou s\u00fa n\u00e1chylnej\u0161\u00ed k telesn\u00fdm ochoreniam z d\u00f4vodu ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00edch \u00fa\u010dinkov antipsychot\u00edk a ich p\u00f4sobenia na l\u00e1tkov\u00fa v\u00fdmenu alebo n\u00e1vyku na nezdrav\u00fd \u017eivotn\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl charakterizovan\u00fd spr\u00e1van\u00edm, ako je napr. siln\u00e9 faj\u010denie, fyzick\u00e1 ne\u010dinnos\u0165 a nezdrav\u00e1 strava.15<\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu pracova\u0165, m\u00e1 zamestnanie nieko\u013eko v\u00fdhod, napr. finan\u010dn\u00e1 nez\u00e1vislos\u0165, spolo\u010densk\u00fd kontakt a vy\u0161\u0161ie sebavedomie.16<\/sup> Pr\u00e1ca je jedn\u00fdm z hlavn\u00fdch sp\u00f4sobov, ak\u00fdm \u013eudia vstupuj\u00fa do kontaktov so spolo\u010dnos\u0165ou, v ktorej \u017eij\u00fa, a prin\u00e1\u0161a nov\u00e9 spolo\u010densk\u00e9 kontakty a mo\u017enosti z\u00edska\u0165 nov\u00fdch priate\u013eov. Navy\u0161e, ke\u010f dostane pacient v pr\u00e1ci nie\u010do na zodpovednos\u0165, c\u00edti sa d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed a m\u00e1 dojem, \u017ee jeho \u017eivot m\u00e1 nejak\u00fd \u00fa\u010del. \u013dudia s psych\u00f3zou dosahuj\u00fa v \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch hodnotiacich pocit \u00fa\u010delnosti \u017eivota ve\u013emi n\u00edzke sk\u00f3re, \u010do ich m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k zneu\u017e\u00edvaniu n\u00e1vykov\u00fdch l\u00e1tok alebo k samovra\u017eedn\u00fdm pokusom.17<\/sup>

Vzh\u013eadom na to, \u017ee podiel zamestnan\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed so schizofr\u00e9niou je zna\u010dne n\u00edzky, smeruj\u00fa snahy sk\u00f4r k z\u00edskaniu pr\u00e1ce pre nezamestnan\u00fdch ne\u017e k podpore t\u00fdch, \u010do u\u017e \u0161tuduj\u00fa alebo pracuj\u00fa.7<\/sup>
V\u010dasnej\u0161ie intervencie by umo\u017enili mlad\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom, ktor\u00ed zatia\u013e \u0161tuduj\u00fa, zvl\u00e1dnu\u0165 prechod do sveta pr\u00e1ce a \u013eu\u010fom, u ktor\u00fdch je stanoven\u00e1 diagn\u00f3za, ak u\u017e pracuj\u00fa, tak zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 \u0161ancu na to, aby si pr\u00e1cu udr\u017eali.5, 18<\/sup>

Okrem toho m\u00e1 mno\u017estvo \u013eud\u00ed so schizofr\u00e9niou ve\u013ek\u00fa motiv\u00e1ciu pracova\u0165, ale o\u010dak\u00e1vania zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eov a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdch str\u00e1n sa ve\u013emi l\u00ed\u0161ia. Mnoho z nich nepredpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee \u010dlovek so schizofr\u00e9niou bude schopn\u00fd sa prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 dlhodob\u00e9mu konkurencieschopn\u00e9mu zamestnaniu, a \u010dasto to nevidia ani ako dosiahnute\u013en\u00fd cie\u013e. Stigmatiz\u00e1cia zo strany druh\u00fdch \u010dasto vedie k stigmatiz\u00e1cii seba sam\u00e9ho a m\u00e1 dosah na p\u00f4vodn\u00fa motiv\u00e1ciu \u013eud\u00ed so schizofr\u00e9niou.6<\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aj napriek zna\u010dn\u00fdm prek\u00e1\u017ekam pri z\u00edskan\u00ed a udr\u017ean\u00ed si zamestnania, ktor\u00fdm \u013eudia so schizofr\u00e9niou \u010delia, s\u00fa cesty k zamestnaniu, zotaveniu a za\u010dleneniu jasn\u00e9. Rie\u0161enie dr\u017eia v ruk\u00e1ch z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00e9 strany a je potrebn\u00e9 vyvin\u00fa\u0165 snahu vo viacer\u00fdch segmentoch, ako s\u00fa:<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Zamestn\u00e1vatelia: Mali by si zabezpe\u010di\u0165 dostato\u010dn\u00fa a spr\u00e1vnu informovanos\u0165 a by\u0165 pripraven\u00ed reagova\u0165, ke\u010f im zamestnanec povie, \u017ee m\u00e1 schizofr\u00e9niu alebo in\u00e9 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 du\u0161evn\u00e9 ochorenie. Okrem toho by mali zlep\u0161i\u0165 zverej\u0148ovanie tak\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed vo firemnej kult\u00fare a realizova\u0165 zmeny tak, aby vyhovovali potreb\u00e1m \u013eud\u00ed so schizofr\u00e9niou.<\/p>

Rodina a opatrovatelia: Pre \u013eud\u00ed s du\u0161evn\u00fdm ochoren\u00edm, ako je schizofr\u00e9nia, m\u00f4\u017ee znamena\u0165 z\u00e1sadn\u00fd rozdiel v dosiahnutom v\u00fdsledku sie\u0165 os\u00f4b, ktor\u00e9 im poskytuj\u00fa podporu. Ich \u00falohou by malo by\u0165 podporova\u0165 priania a ciele pacientov a z\u00edska\u0165 pre nich pr\u00edstup k slu\u017eb\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 pon\u00fakaj\u00fa podporu \u013eu\u010fom so schizofr\u00e9niou a ich rodin\u00e1m, ako s\u00fa napr\u00edklad slu\u017eby organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed pre pr\u00e1va pacientov, charitat\u00edvne organiz\u00e1cie a org\u00e1ny na podporu zamestnanosti.<\/p>

Zdravotn\u00edci: Mali by sa pacientov pri najbli\u017e\u0161ej pr\u00edle\u017eitosti sp\u00fdta\u0165 na ich pracovn\u00fa anamn\u00e9zu a priania v oblasti kari\u00e9ry a poskytn\u00fa\u0165 im kvalitn\u00e9 podporn\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Pri rozhodovan\u00ed o lie\u010dbe by mali zoh\u013eadni\u0165 zamestnanie. Mali by odporu\u010di\u0165 \u0161pecialistov na kari\u00e9rny rozvoj pacientom, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa na ceste sp\u00e4\u0165 do zamestnania, a posilni\u0165 lie\u010debn\u00e9 opatrenia. Tie\u017e by mali podporova\u0165 samostatnos\u0165 a n\u00e1vrat do pr\u00e1ce, ale tie\u017e poskytova\u0165 pr\u00edle\u017eitosti na posilnenie postavenia \u013eud\u00ed s du\u0161evn\u00fdm ochoren\u00edm a takisto vyu\u017ei\u0165 ich sk\u00fasenosti pri pomoci druh\u00fdm.<\/p>

Vl\u00e1da: Politici by mali vypracova\u0165 region\u00e1lny, vn\u00fatro\u0161t\u00e1tny alebo \u0161ir\u0161ie pou\u017eite\u013en\u00fd pl\u00e1n na zv\u00fd\u0161enie miery zamestnanosti \u013eud\u00ed s \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdm du\u0161evn\u00fdm ochoren\u00edm. Je nevyhnutn\u00e9, aby ka\u017ed\u00e1 vl\u00e1da vytvorila pracovn\u00fa skupinu odborn\u00edkov z viacer\u00fdch odborov, a to nielen z ministerstva zdravotn\u00edctva, ale tie\u017e z ministerstva pr\u00e1ce a soci\u00e1lnych vec\u00ed, ktorej cie\u013eom by bolo zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 mieru zamestnanosti v priebehu desiatich rokov na 25 %.19<\/sup> <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Schizofr\u00e9nia postihuje prakticky ka\u017ed\u00e9ho inak. Ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 in\u00e9 charakteristiky ochorenia, ako je vznik a typ pr\u00edznakov, \u010das stanovenia diagn\u00f3zy a sprievodn\u00e9 ochorenia, soci\u00e1lna situ\u00e1cia a dostupn\u00e9 podporn\u00e9 siete. Preto\u017ee \u017eiadny \u010dlovek so schizofr\u00e9niou nie je rovnak\u00fd, je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 vytvori\u0165 strat\u00e9giu slu\u017eieb na podporu zamestnanosti, ktor\u00e1 by fungovala u ka\u017ed\u00e9ho.4<\/sup>

Je potrebn\u00fd inkluz\u00edvny trh pr\u00e1ce pln\u00fd inkluz\u00edvnych pracov\u00edsk podporovan\u00fd zdravotn\u00edckym a soci\u00e1lnym syst\u00e9mom, ktor\u00e9ho prioritou je kvalitn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca ako v\u00fdsledok lie\u010dby.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Literat\u00fara<\/p>

  1. Boardman et al. Br J Psychiatry. 2003; 182:467-8.<\/li>
  2. Farkas. World Psychiatry. 2007;6:4\u201310.<\/li>
  3. Cheng et al. Psychological Medicine. 2011;41:949\u2013958.<\/li>
  4. https:\/\/councilfordisabledchildren.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/documents\/import\/working_with_schizophrenia.pdf<\/a><\/li>
  5. Mueser et al. Schizophr Bull. 2001;27:281\u2013296.<\/li>
  6. Marwaha and Johnson. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004; 39(5):337-49.<\/li>
  7. Rosenheck et al. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:411\u2013417.<\/li>
  8. Salkever et al. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58:315\u2013324.<\/li>
  9. Holley et al. Psychiatr Serv. 1998; 49:513\u2013517.<\/li>
  10. Bond et al. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001;69:489\u2013501.<\/li>
  11. Bell et al. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22:51\u201367. <\/li>
  12. Mc Gurk et al. Schizophr Bull. 2009; 35(2): 319\u2013335.<\/li>
  13. https:\/\/councilfordisabledchildren.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/documents\/import\/working_with_schizophrenia.pdf<\/a><\/li>
  14. Drake and Brunette. Recent Dev Alcohol. 1998; 14():285-99.<\/li>
  15. Meyer et al. Schizophr Res. 2008 Apr; 101(1-3):273-86.<\/li>
  16. Pharoah et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; (12): CD000088.<\/li>
  17. Warner R,. The Env of Schizophr, 2000 ; P71.<\/li>
  18. Schulze et al. Social Science & Medicine. 2003; 56(2): 299-312.<\/li>
  19. Centre for Mental Health, Department of Health, Mind, NHS Confederation Mental Health Network, Rethink Mental Illness, & Turning Point. 2012.<\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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    <\/span>zdrav\u00e9 tipy pre \u013eud\u00ed so schizofr\u00e9ni…<\/span><\/h4>

    <\/span>Vies\u0165 zdrav\u00fd \u017eivotn\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, najm\u00e4 ke\u010f m\u00e1te schizofr\u00e9niu. Dodr\u017eujte tieto tipy, ktor\u00e9 v\u00e1m pom\u00f4\u017eu stara\u0165 sa s\u00e1m\/sama o seba, aj ke\u010f to bude \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9<\/span><\/p> viac…<\/div><\/div>

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    <\/span>schizofr\u00e9nia: ako m\u00f4\u017eem pom\u00f4c\u0165<\/span><\/h4>

    <\/span>Zisti\u0165 si nie\u010do o schizofr\u00e9nii je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby ste rozumeli f\u00e1zam, pr\u00edznakom a tomu, \u010d\u00edm si postihnut\u00fd prech\u00e1dza. O schizofr\u00e9nii koluje mnoho nespr\u00e1vnych infor<\/span><\/p> viac…<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2732,"parent":2330,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"new-text-page-design.php","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"rea_page_title_signed_in_meta_block_field":"\u0160t\u00fadium a pr\u00e1ca so schizofr\u00e9niou","rea_page_title_signed_out_meta_block_field":"\u0160t\u00fadium a pr\u00e1ca so schizofr\u00e9niou","rea_page_description_signed_in_meta_block_field":"\u013dudia so schizofr\u00e9niou maj\u00fa \u010dasto s\u00fastavn\u00e9 obtia\u017ee n\u00e1js\u0165 si zamestnanie. 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